Curta documental sobre a vida das gaivotas patiamarelas nos tellados das nosas cidades.
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- Idea e Imaxe – Gonzalo Mucientes
- Realización – Jaime Olmedo
- Música – Longest Year (Scott Holmes)
- Produción – Ecoloxía Azul (Blue Ecology)
Curta documental sobre a vida das gaivotas patiamarelas nos tellados das nosas cidades.
Munilla, I.; Barros, A. 2018. El cormorán moñudo en Galicia. En, J. C. del Moral y N. Oliveira (Eds.): El cormorán moñudo en la península ibérica. Población reproductora en 2017 y método de censo, pp. 41. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.
Se localizaron 1.408 parejas distribuidas en 58 lugares de cría, 50 de ellos con dos o más parejas. Las colonias se distribuyen a lo largo del litoral gallego al norte de Fisterra y en los archipiélagos exteriores de las Rías Baixas (Cíes, Ons y Sálvora). Cerca del 70% de la población se concentra en las Rías Baixas, donde crían 950 parejas en 7 islas, entre ellas Ons (571 parejas), San Martiño (Cíes, 100 parejas) y Monteagudo (Cíes, 99 parejas), que son los núcleos de reproducción más nutridos de la península. En el resto de la costa la mitad de la población se reparte por el tramo comprendido entre las islas Sisargas y cabo Prior, cuyas principales colonias son Cabo de Mera (70 parejas) y Gabeiras de Doniños (39 parejas). En la costa de Lugo el principal núcleo de cría es la isla de Ansarón (34 parejas). La población de Galicia representa el 74,6% de la población nidificante en la España peninsular y el 80,0% de los efectivos de la subespecie aristotelis en la península ibérica.
Munilla, I. e Lapeña, F. 2019. Censo das poboacións reproductoras de corvo mariño, gaivota patiamarela, gaivota escura e gaivotón e seguimento remoto de corvos mariños no Parque Nacional Marítimo e Terrestre das illas Atlánticas de Galicia en 2019. Parque Nacional Marítimo e Terrestre das Illas Atlánticas de Galicia. Outubro 2019.
RESUMO
Gaivota patiamarela (L. michahellis)
Gaivota de asa escura (L. fuscus)
Seguimento remoto de corvo mariño con transmisores GPS/GSM
BRIEF SUMMARY
The outcomes of the 2019 census of breeding European shags suggest a slight increase in their numbers compared to recent years; however, the breeding success of all monitored populations was rather poor. The 2019 census of breeding yellow-legged gulls indicated that the population experienced a sharp decline since the mid 2000’s thus confirming earlier observations from monitoring sectors. Lesser black-backed gulls experienced a slight increase in the number of breeding pairs; currently, this population seems to be confined to the island of Sálvora. Two male shags from Cíes were successfully deployed with GPS/GSM transmitters in early May which together with the female shag deployed in June 2018 transmitted 10,000 GPS locations from January to September 2019. GPS data showed large variations among individual shags both in range size and distribution patterns and a large overlap between individual home ranges.
Parque Nacional Marítimo-Terrestre de las islas atlánticas de Galicia. 2018. Estado de Conservación de las aves marinas nidificantes en el Parque Nacional de las islas Atlánticas de Galicia.
DIAGNÓSTICO RESUMEN
Gracias a las series de censos efectuados en el Parque Nacional desde 1976 y al programa de seguimiento iniciado en 2011 ha sido posible realizar un diagnóstico consistente del estado de conservación de la mayor parte de las aves marinas consideradas. La situación actual de las especies que componen la comunidad de aves marinas nidificantes del Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia es preocupante ya que, bien sea por la magnitud de los declives observados, bien por lo reducido de sus efectivos, bien por la escasa viabilidad de sus poblaciones, todas ellas se encuentran amenazadas de extinción. Se propone que cinco especies, el cormorán moñudo (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), la gaviota patiamarilla (Larus michahellis), la gaviota sombría (Larus fuscus), el gavión atlántico (Larus marinus) y el paíño europeo (Hydrobates pelagicus) sean consideradas EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCIÓN y que la pardela cenicienta (Calonectris diomedea) sea considerada VULNERABLE.
WWF 2019. Seguimiento de la interacción de las aves marinas con las actividades humanas que se desarrollan en el Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia. Resultados de la campaña de voluntariado de WWF en el Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia 2019.
RESUMEN DE EJECUCIÓN
AVES MARINAS
EMBARCACIONES
INTERACCIONES
RIESGO DE INTERACCIONES
BRIEF SUMMARY
This document informs about the main results of the second volunteer-based monitoring program organized by WWF in the National Park of the Atlantic islands of Galicia. The program lasted from May to September 2019 and aimed at the study of the interactions between seabirds and sea-based uses. A total of 40 WWF volunteers covered 1097,5 observation hours and collected data on the distribution, abundance and space use by both seabirds and boats. These included 3650 records of boats, 2117 records of seabirds (cumulative number of individuals= 95.456) and 302 records of disturbance interactions between boats and seabirds. This study allowed a detailed description of the spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and space use by seabirds and boats in the marine protected area of the Cíes and Ons archipelagos, one of the most important seabird breeding islands in the Iberian Peninsula. As outlined by the 2018 campaign, fishing and recreational boat traffic was in 2019 a pervasive source of disturbance to seabirds, affecting their behavior and distribution. Four areas, covering approximately 8% of the marine protected area (5% in Cíes and 10% in Ons) were identified as having a high risk of disturbance interactions and are therefore proposed as key areas for the management of this threat to local seabird populations. These include endangered species as the European shag (Phalacrocrax aristotelis) and the Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus).
During embryonic life, individuals should adjust their phenotype to the conditions that they will encounter after birth, including the social environment, if they have access to (social) cues that allow them to forecast future conditions. In birds, evidence indicates that embryos are sensitive to cues from clutch mates, but whether embryos adjust their development to cope with the expected level of sibling competition has not hitherto been investigated. To tackle this question, we performed a ‘match versus mismatch’ experimental design where we manipulated the presence of clutch mates (i.e. clutch size manipulation) and the real (postnatal) level of sibling competition (i.e. brood size manipulation) in the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis). We provide evidence that the prenatal cues of sibling presence induced developmental changes (such as epigenetic profiles) that had programming effects on chick begging behaviour and growth trajectories after hatching. While receiving mismatching information favoured chick begging and growth, this came at the cost of reduced antioxidant defences and a premature loss of telomeres. Our findings highlight the role of the prenatal social environment in developmental plasticity and suggest that telomere attrition may be an important physiological cost of phenotype–environment mismatch.
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspb.2020.0242
Aira, M. and Domínguez, J., 2020. Soil under dead or live organic matter systems: Effect of European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis L.) nesting on soil nematodes and nutrient mineralization. Soil Ecology Letters, pp.1-7.
Here we studied whether soil systems differ if they are under the influence of live (plants) or dead organic matter systems (nest) in terms of C and N mineralization, microbiological characteristics and nematode trophic group structure. We analyzed physicochemical and microbiological properties of soils inside and outside nests of the European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis L.) on the Cíes Islands (NW Spain). We sampled fresh soil below dead (nests) and live organic matter (plants) (paired samples, n = 7). Soil of nests had lower organic matter and higher electric conductivity and dissolved organic C and extractable N contents than the soil of plants. Microbial biomass and activity were greater in soil of nests than in soil of plants. The abundance of nematode trophic groups (bacterivores, fungivores, omnivores and herbivores) differred between soils of nests and plants, and the soil of plants supported a more abundant and diverse nematode community. The present results points to that source of organic matter promote differences in the decomposer community, being more efficient in soil of nests because C mineralization is greater. Further, this occurred independently of the complexity of the systems, higher in the soil of plants with more groups of nematodes.
De la Peña-Lastra, S., Affre, L. and Otero, X.L., 2020. Soil nutrient dynamics in colonies of the yellow-legged seagull (Larus michahellis) in different biogeographical zones. Geoderma, 361, p.114109.
Seabirds drastically alter the ecosystems where they establish their colonies. However, previous studies have not considered how colonies of the same species affect their surroundings in different environmental contexts. The main objective of this study was to determine the degree to which environmental factors (particularly climate and lithology) modulate the impact of seabird colonies on soil nutrients. For this purpose, two breeding colonies of the yellow-legged gull were selected: one located in the Atlantic Islands National Park (AINP, Atlantic region) and the other in Calanques National Park (CNP, Mediterranean region). In both parks, samples of soil and excrement were obtained from colonies with different densities of birds and in control zones, without birds, in two different seasons (winter and summer). The samples were analysed to determine the concentrations of N-NO3–, N-NH4+, total P and different geochemical P forms, including bioavailable P. The colony soils were enriched in N and P relative to soils from the control zones. However, the annual nutrient dynamics were modulated by the environmental conditions in each park. In winter in CNP, NH4+ concentrations were low and similar to those in the control zones, while the concentrations of NO3– were highest at this time of year. By contrast, in AINP, the annual N cycling appeared to be less variable, although the NH4+ concentrations were lower than in the control zone in winter, while those of NO3– remained high, despite the high rainfall in this season. The concentrations of P (total and bioavailable) remained high in soils in both parks throughout the year. However, fractionation of the P forms revealed different geochemical behaviour at the two sites. In CNP, calcium phosphate and residual P were the dominant fractions. In AINP, the P was distributed more homogeneously between the different fractions, with a slight predominance of the P associated with Al hydroxides and clays. The findings clearly show alteration of the cycling of both nutrients in both parks, although the impact is modulated by the environmental conditions at each location.
Calado, J.G., Paiva, V.H., Ramos, J.A., Velando, A. & Munilla, I., 2020. Anthropogenic food resources, sardine decline and environmental conditions have triggered a dietary shift of an opportunistic seabird over the last 30 years on the northwest coast of Spain. Regional Environmental Change, 20(1), p.10.
Human activities and environmental conditions are the main drivers of ecosystem change. One major alteration near the western Iberian coast has been the collapse of the Atlanto-Iberian sardine Sardina pilchardus stock, with important cascading effects on marine top predators. We investigated the effect of long-term changes in fishery landings, sardine availability and environmental conditions on the diet of the yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis in the northwest coast of Spain, over the last 30 years (1987–2017). Dietary trends of gulls were investigated through the analysis of 5010 pellets that revealed a sharp decline of fish and refuse and a shift to a crustacean-based diet. General additive mixed models showed that both total fish and sardine occurrences in gull pellets were negatively associated with total fishery landings and positively associated with sardine landings, suggesting fish depletion and higher fishing efficiency (i.e. reduced discards) during the study period. The winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index was also positively related with sardine occurrence in gull pellets, possibly due to low sardine abundance and rough conditions in years with very low NAO values. The refuse decline was most probably caused by the closure of open-air landfills, implemented under the European Union Landfill Directive. Our results suggest that changes in fishing practices and waste disposal were the main factors responsible for the sharp decline of fish and refuse in yellow-legged gull diet.
During development in fluctuating environments, phenotypes can be adjusted to the conditions that individuals will probably encounter later in life. As developing embryos have a limited capacity to fully capture environmental information, theory predicts that they should integrate relevant information from all reliable sources, including the social environment. In many oviparous species, embryos are able to perceive cues of predator presence in some circumstances, but whether this information is socially transmitted among clutch mates—promoting phenotypic adjustments in the whole clutch—is unknown. Here, using an experimental design for which we modified the exposure to some, but not all, embryos of the same clutch to cues of predator presence (that is, alarm calls), we show that exposed embryos of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) and their unexposed clutch mates showed similar developmental changes that were absent in embryos from control clutches. Compared with the control broods, both embryos that were exposed to alarm calls and their unexposed clutch mates showed altered prenatal and postnatal behaviours, higher levels of DNA methylation and stress hormones, and reduced growth and numbers of mitochondria (which may be indicative of the capacity for energy production of cells). These results strongly suggest that gull embryos are able to acquire relevant environmental information from their siblings. Together, our results highlight the importance of socially acquired information during the prenatal stage as a non-genetic mechanism promoting developmental plasticity.